Postmodernism, By Jean Francois Lyotard - 2006 Words

Postmodernism itself means, â€Å"after present times,† but how can we be in an age of something past the present? It is a way of thinking that’s easy to identify but rather hard to define, though world renowned french philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard tried to in his research as, â€Å"Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodernism as incredulity toward metanarratives.† The beauty of postmodernism is the subtle, the things you might not catch the first few viewings, and often appear to pay homage to some older tale, but actually mock it. Postmodernism seeks to challenge what we’ve held as truth through tradition and force people to use their brains for themselves. In this work, Gilliam worked to actively create layers of this movie using a†¦show more content†¦This first layer of The Hero’s Journey is the fact that this text is presented almost as a remastering but parodies the entire plot, and still follows the same style of story of the Holy Grail. In a sense, this text seeks to prove how all the epics are the same by doing the absurd while following the exact same pattern as them all, questioning the very patterns as a whole first. As detailed in the First Chapter of The hero with a thousand faces, all these champions receive supernatural help, and guidance. Making fun of nearly all the useless mentors, Tim basically points the group to their death because he wants to watch them die, the modern day equivalent being Apple Maps. Luckily for this group of medieval knights, God has bestowed upon them the Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch, how convenient. Both a tale of messages about monsters and our solutions to them, the killer rabbit really characterizes fears we may not know of due to appearance. These messages are: don’t assume every monster is going to be obvious to identify, and evil comes in all shapes and sizes. The most convenient thing in any epic tale is the travel, whether it be wings or just time j umps for the sake of storytelling, there’s no room for wasting time. After the group assembles they immediately split up to cover better ground each going off to face their own Moby Dick. Rather than filming aShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Postmodern Tendancy in Their Eyes Were Watching God1923 Words   |  8 Pagesfact that, despite the voluminous attention given to Their Eyes Were Watching God, critics have failed to explore every facet of the novel. Ihab Hassan writes, in Toward a Concept of Postmodernism, that we can look at writers of the past and realize their postmodernity. His theory fits with the idea that postmodernism is not a movement, but a trait that is exhibited by certain authors pushing the limits of their time. Most of these authors have clued in to what theorists claim are the basic traitsRead MorePostmodernism: The Movement in Life Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pagesthe culture of this nation. Postmodernism took America from a place where it held strong values of right and wrong, to a place where any idea has been given validity and merit. By presenting new world views, postmodernism has affected American literature, for both the writer and the reader, and American culture on a vast scale. Explaining postmodernism is very challenging because it does not have a real meaning other than â€Å"after modernism† (Merriam-Webster). Postmodernism has influenced every aspectRead MoreKurt Vonnegut : The Concept Of Postmodernism1598 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher Jean-Franà §ois Lyotard once said, â€Å"Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity toward metanarratives.† Through his statement, he endeavored to associate a theory to the shifting concept of postmodernism; to synopsize different events, experiences, and phenomena in history through a universal appeal to truth. While his supposition, through equation with the poems of Kurt Vonnegut, Charles Olsen, or John Cage - does indeed seem to hold validity; to define postmodernism remainsRead MoreThe Aesthetic Philosophy Of The Art World2215 Words   |  9 Pagescan the competing type of experience the sublime does a better job? I will attempt to answer these questions with explicit reference to material art pieces mainly that of the avant-garde, via the philosophical writings of Emmanuel Kant and Jean-Franà §ois Lyotard with minor reference to the much earlier Edmund Burke. Edmund Burke in his distinguishing between the sublime and the beautiful notes that the beautiful things in life tend to be small, attractive and well-formed. Whereas the sublime in hisRead MoreThe Biopsychosocial Model Of Health1824 Words   |  8 Pagessociological perspectives, focusing on concrete interpretations, comprehensive generalisations of society and social behaviour. Contemporary sociologists use four main theoretical perspectives; namely Marxism, Functionalism, Internationalism and Postmodernism. This assignment will look into these four approaches, with each viewpoint uniquely conceptualising society, human behaviour and social forces. Marxism was developed by Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Frederick Engels (1820–1895); it is a system ofRead MorePostmodernism and the Simpsons10775 Words   |  44 PagesHugvà ­sindadeild Postmodernism and The Simpsons Intertextuality, Hyperreality and Critique of Metanarratives Ritgerà ° til B.A.-prà ³fs Bjà ¶rn Erlingur Flà ³ki Bjà ¶rnsson bjornfloki@gmail.com Kt. 110982-5779 Maà ­ 2006 Abstract This essay offers a postmodernist reading of the popular television program The Simpsons, with special regard to the postmodern theories of intertexuality, hyperreality, and metanarratives. Before delving into The Simpsons, some major theoretical aspects of postmodernism in aestheticRead MoreDrama Theatre Performance: Postmodernism and Theatre Performance1417 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod. Postmodernism followed modernism and it sought to challenge the ideas and values of modernistic theatre, modernism was formed to shake up theatre, introducing new theories of science and technology to explain the world, whereas postmodern theatre raises more questions than supplying the answers for the audience. Modernism created a ‘grand-narrative’ whereby there was only one meaning which would be told to the audience. Postmodernism broke down the ‘grand-narrative’ when Jean-Franà §ois LyotardRead MoreMetatnarrative in Conrads Heart of Darkness1324 Words   |  6 Page snarrow the theoretical focus of your application. For example, if you use narratology, you might choose to apply Chatman’s concepts of how narrative â€Å"records thought and feeling† or Bahktin’s ideas of â€Å"heteroglossia† but not both; if you work on postmodernism, you might focus on Lyotard’s theory of â€Å"metanarratives† or Baudrillard’s theory of â€Å"the simulacrum† but not both.   The main purpose of your paper will be to demonstrate how your theory works in and helps to illuminate some element of the novelRead MoreThe Concept of Postmodernism5138 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 1 The concept of ‘Postmodernism’- A Theoretical Approach It is a clichà © by now to say that we live in a postmodern world, and it is true that the word ’postmodern’ has become one of the most used, and abused, words in the language. Still, it is striking that not many people can say with assurance what this term actually means and involves. Some theorists suggest that ‘postmodernism’ refers to a mood or an attitude of mind, others define it as a literary, culturalRead MoreThe Concept of Postmodernism5129 Words   |  21 PagesCHAPTER 1 The concept of ‘Postmodernism’- A Theoretical Approach It is a clichà © by now to say that we live in a postmodern world, and it is true that the word ’postmodern’ has become one of the most used, and abused, words in the language. Still, it is striking that not many people can say with assurance what this term actually means and involves. Some theorists suggest that ‘postmodernism’ refers to a mood or an attitude of mind, others define it as a literary, cultural, or

Cutback of American Opportunity Over Time Essay - 1642 Words

The valiant master-mind of the mid-1800s, Albert Einstein, alleged potent words unveiling a great deal regarding endurance. He expressed that, â€Å"In the middle of difficulties, lies opportunity.† Life is nothing but an uphill battle; to be the victor and make a mark, one must take advantage of everything available. Taking advantage of opportunity is a crucial quality for fulfillment in American life. For a prolonged period of time, America was better known as â€Å"The Land of Opportunity.† The U.S. was illustrious of its abundant educational, religious, as well as economic opportunities. Unfortunately, as waves of immigrants stumbled upon the land of sovereignty, the myriad of opportunities gradually became muted. Although not completely†¦show more content†¦Therefore, those who immigrate to the United States contemporarily begin their journey as part of the lower half of the social pyramid, gradually working their way to the top. Whereas, in Americaâ€⠄¢s golden days like those of the Gilded Age, someone who came to America could easily work hard to become wealthy and stable. F.Scott Fitzgerald’s classic literature staple entitled The Great Gatsby portrays how the protagonist strived to fulfill his life-long fantasy. â€Å" For over a year he had been beating his way along the south shore of Lake Superior as a clam-digger and a salmon-fisher or in any other capacity that brought him food and bed. His brown hard body lived naturally through the half-fierce, half-lazy work of the bracing days†(Fitzgerald,104). Unquestionably, immigration is now a more intricate course of action than it was before. Referred to as the â€Å"New World† in the old ages, America was a means of gaining affluence, prosperity, and material wealth. Years ago, immigrants were guaranteed a successful future, due to the cosmic accessible opportunities. Those who were able to establish a living in the United States either attained a good st anding in the American social class by working diligently in the jobs they had or by starting off working under brutal conditions and gradually getting promoted to more notable jobs. However, jobs now are so scarce that they onlyShow MoreRelatedChallenges With the Identification Placement and Provision of Instruction to Low-Income Students656 Words   |  3 Pagesof those students in gifted education. The NRC reported that, nationwide, 7.47 percent of all white students and 9.9 percent of Asian students are placed in gifted programs. Meanwhile, 3.04 percent of African-American students, 3.57 percent of Hispanic students, and 4.86 percent of American Indian students are classified as gifted (GT-minority identification, 2003, ERIC Clearinghouse). The discrepancy, the NAS believed, could not be solely explained by talent alone but was at least partially rootedRead MoreThe Politics Of Welfare Reform Moving From Afdc To Tanf1769 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral pages in some cases to point out evidence to be used in his strongest positions. This is not to say he is totally spinning wheels in his narrative, but as Pierson goes into great detail about the dynamics of retrenchment (which also refers to cutbacks, economizing and re-thinking of policies), he shows his skills in descriptive scholarship more so than coming directly to the point of his thesis. On page 252, Pierson asserts that retrenchment is not simply the mirror image of welfare state expansionRead MoreThe Hunger Of The United States And The Influences It Has Over The People Affected1163 Words   |  5 Pageshunger in the United States and the influences it has over the people affected. In the United States of America, the richest nation of the world, one in six Americans do not have enough food to eat. Have you ever wonder why there are so many food banks and food pantries throughout the country? They are not simply, as you thought, existent to offer emergency food assistance. Indeed, they are the main sources of food to millions of food-insecure Americans. Food insecurity, the state of not having sufficientRead More America Must Create Jobs Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesThose living in the United States of America are experiencing some economically dark times. Unemployment is becoming increasingly worse. Social programs are failing. Prices everywhere are on the rise as wages are declining drastically. Class division has never been more distinct. Of those lucky enough to have secured the multiple jobs needed in order to maintain their subsistent existences, most make only a minimum wage, established by their state’s laws, which is then harshly taxed upon. Life isRead MoreThe Americanization Of Edward Bok And The America I Believe1262 Words   |  6 PagesSince the dawn of American colonization in the early 1600s, the notion of immigrating to America has long been instilled upon various people as a stimulating opportunity to begin a fresh chapter in their lives. Even now, this possibility has brought many variations of people to America, culminating a society that brims with dreams and aspirations to form the diversified nation of today. When speaking of the current state of immigration, it is easy to conclude that immigration is heavily discussedRead MoreThe Fear Of Women And Women In The War1123 Words   |  5 Pagesthousands upon thousands of women without their husbands. In a time of war with their loved ones off to face the Axis monsters, there arose a fear of helplessness and abandonment. Concerned with the possibility of outbreaks of hysteria due to nerves, pamphlets were written to give advice to these women, telling them ab out how their spirits would be tested. You are going to be lonesome, you are going to be unhappy, and many is the time you are going to be mad. You are going to learn how to wait Read MoreRacism, Sexism, And Classism1188 Words   |  5 Pagesof racism, sexism, and classism when their father, Atticus, agrees to defend Tom Robinson, an African American, in a trial. Set in the 1930s, most people were treated unfairly because of their race, gender, or social class. Even though problems about race, gender, and class decreased over time, these problems are still very prevalent today. Even though racism decreased dramatically over the past decades, there are still problems today that are strikingly similar to the problems in To KillRead MorePov Analysis Debeers1219 Words   |  5 Pagesincome and with the current recession and cutbacks in consumer spending, it is important that we find a way to maintain a competitive hold on the market. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: De Beers mines remain the most consistent, reliable and considerable source of diamond distribution in the world, owns 43% of the rough diamond market and has unparalleled expertise in the diamond industry. Weaknesses: Low brand recognition and falling Market Shares. Opportunities: Emerging markets in China and IndiaRead MoreSperry/Maclennan Architects and Planners Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesarchitectural firms found themselves unable to stay in business through a very slow time in the housing markets. Sperry/MacLennan ended up laid off all but the three remaining partners. In the beginning, the company found recreational facilities work to be main source of profit and growth for the company. Sheila Sperry quoted, â€Å"wants you to be innovative and new. It’s a dream for an architect because it gives him an opportunity to use all the shapes and colors and natural light. It’s a very exciting mediumRead MoreChildhood Obesity Resea rch Paper1357 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of overweight and obese children in America has increased at an alarming rate over the past years. In the past 30 years, the occurrence of obesity in children has tripled and it is now estimated that one in five children in the US is overweight (17%). There is no chance of it slowing down unless action is taken. There are many factors that can contribute to obesity in children. A fast-food craze has swept over the country. Fast-food corporations seem to be encouraging children to consume regular

Case Analysis Napster free essay sample

DXL Product- Legal Music Downloads with the following benefits: Ii Downloads (Legal rights to 500,000 songs) Music 01 CD Burning View Music Videos Access Billboard Chart Information Synchronize music to other devices Message Boards Detailed Artist and Album Information Parental Controls Powerful Recommendation Engine Personal Infixes for Music and Messages* Ability to Browse Other Users Music Collections* Search Engines by Genre, Artist, Track Title, or Popularity Did Complimentary products such as digital recording media, CDC and MPH players Ii Ability to SendMusic to Friends within or outside the service* Ii Access to Professionally Programmed Radio Stations* OX pence- ii $. 0. 99/ song ii $9. 95/ album 01 Premium service $9. 95 (includes all (9 products above) OX Promotion- Ii Promote through partnerships with Microsoft, Gateway, Yahoo and Samsung Ii Partnerships with XML Satellite Radio, Tower Records in Japan, a marketing agreement with Bluebells Corp.. Of Atlanta Did Possible partnership to roll with cell phones on ELM Ericson of Stockholm Gift cards are available at various retail stores throughout music areas as well as mint of purchase Ii Linked directly through Yahoo! Y use of banners, search engines and e-mail Ii Anapest soft ware is preloaded on all Microsoft computers they hold 80% of the operating system market) Ii Samsung offers a digital audio player that is fully integrated with Anapest 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Analysis: Napster or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 0 2) STOW Analysts Strengths Provides a legal alternative to music downloads Supporting the individual artist as well as the music industry through agreements Ninth the 5 major recording labels Strong brand name rand reputation Alliances with industry leaders such as Gateway, Microsoft, Yahoo! Samsung Weaknesses Lack off linkable device to transfer music to (I. . Tunes has the pod) Digital copies are not real copies Limited avenues for product differentiation Perception of selling tout to the industry Opportunities Massive market growth ARIA crackdown on illegal file sharing Threats The availability of free downloads on various websites Advancements in technology 3) Decision Statement Through a new advertising program, we hope to recapture our initial customer base and attract new customers in order to significantly increase our market share while citing in a legal manner. 4) Alternative Solutions . Go out of business.Abandon file sharing. B. Continue business as is with no changes being made to their current strategy. C. Anapest could offer a loyalty or frequent downloaded program for current customers along with previous customers. This will help regain Anapests:s previous market share along with retaining their current market share. En do not recommend changing the price per download, currently tunes is an industry leader that is charging the same prices. This price is a current industry tankard and to remain competitive we do not feel a price change is necessary.En feel that adapting to current market trends by offering customers added benefits Mould be the best move for Anapest. We also feel that Anapest can change its marketing strategies to better capture market share. Rhea following suggestions are what we feel Anapest should do to recapture, gain sustain their market share: 381 Through advertising efforts, Anapest should promote that they support the individual artists to sustain the future of the music industry. Show artists united Ninth Anapests brand in advertising efforts.Anapest should offer a frequent buyer/loyalty program to aid in customer retention. Offer monthly specials such as being able to download certain amount of songs at a monthly recurring price. Compete with competitors like Tunes by offering weekly e-mail specials for a free music download (or other desired promotional activity). We feel Anapest should aim to regain some of its former market share but not expect to get 100% back. Raking into account that Anapest is now a fee based company versus a free download many. UPDATE on Anapest 2. At the end of the fiscal 2007 year, Anapest CEO, Chris Grog concluded that Anapest Nas the osmosis popular on-demand music subscription service with healthy annual revenue growth and a significant decline in cash burn. I The company is remaining focused on bottom-line improvement and to continue surging forward capitalizing on their strong market share position. Org believes that the new era of music-enabled cell phones will be a substantial contributor to Anapests future growth based on their partnerships with the leading airless carriers and handset manufacturers worldwide. At the end of March 31, 2007, Anapests total worldwide subscriber base was 830,000. The number of paid subscribers Jumped 47 percent from the third to fourth quarter in 2007 and 37 percent year over year. At the time the time the case study was done in our book, Anapest offered 500,000 songs with major record label approval. At this current time, Anapest now offers over four million songs. Norms Cited Farrell, O. C.. Marketing Strategy. 3rd. Ohio: South-Western, 2005. Newswire US/Lexis Nexus. 30 Jan 2008 .

My Companion free essay sample

I hear something calling me, inviting me in, and it gets me every time. Admiration leads to this addictive relationship between human and object and still, I am compelled. This place that I want to visit calms me, if only for that moment. I take my place by this gorgeous black and white grand piano, and perform my calling. Moments like these are worth living for. The big question is how did this crazy little thing happen? I became infatuated with this about the time I heard Amadeus Mozart play Moonlight Sonata. Have you ever been lifted to the stars? I mean, seriously, it gave me wings. So, like an anxious little eight year old with a new hobby that parents think are a â€Å"phase† I was enrolled into a music school. On the sheet of paper were lines and little weird things on them, which I soon was taught to be notes and staffs. We will write a custom essay sample on My Companion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Right away, I started pecking away. I mean, you must craw before you walk. Hours upon hours I was taken to a world of music, forming melodies starting with â€Å"Mary had a Little Lamb† Gospel Music School?† I thought in disgust. My grandmother, a devoted Christian, decided my path of music for me. How could she have betrayed me? She absolutely tricked me, and I must say, it broke my little heart. There was a whole different style of music. I was instantly reverted back into the southern Sundays of organs and choirs and saints fainting and hollering when devotion of in motion. Little did I know that I would come to love this music with style, rhythm and improvisation. Yes! I have mastered it. Just call me the queen of the piano. My style is flawless and I make a low degrading melody a magnificent piece of art. It’s a rewarding experience knowing that long, frustrating hours of practice can lead to the crowds swaying and loving the music that is created. Classical music and gospel music now runs through my veins. I love the way it calls me, invites me in, and gets me to jam one more time.

Being Lazy Means You’re Intelligentâ€According to Science

Being Lazy Means You’re Intelligent- According to Science According to a new study, brainy people tend to spend more time being chill than their less-intelligent, but more active counterparts- mostly because they have a higher IQ, get bored less and are thus more likely to be comfortable getting lost in thought. Active people, on the other hand, need constant activity to keep themselves stimulated, as they are more easily bored. Florida Gulf University gave a test to a group of students, asking them to rate how strongly they agreed with statements about engagement with tasks and problems, and from this, were able to select 30 â€Å"thinkers† and 30 â€Å"non-thinkers† from their pool.The 60 subjects then wore a movement/activity tracking device on their wrists for the next week, giving researchers a constant stream of data about their physical habits. Their findings, described as â€Å"highly significant† and â€Å"robust† in statistical terms, showed that the â€Å"thinkers† were far less active during th e week than their â€Å"non-thinker† counterparts. The weekends, strangely, were about the same.It may actually be beneficial, then, to spend an extra hour or two in bed thinking through tasks and schedules, revisiting and reimagining your goals. Your daydreaming might be twice as generative as a non-thinker’s doing.There’s a danger, of course, to less active people- no matter how brainy- and that is the danger of the sedentary lifestyle. So if you think you might be a â€Å"thinker,† and relishing those quiet moments lost in thought, you might also want to make a point of exercising enough. Just to make sure you stay healthy and nourish your body- not just your brain.In addition to this, you should also consider finding a job that is compatible with your personality. The sooner you find a job that you enjoy, the happier you will be, regardless of how intelligent or lazy you are.

Hear, Hear!

Hear, Hear! Hear, Hear! Hear, Hear! By Maeve Maddox Dave Moloney has asked for a post on the pernicious misuse of the term hear hear as†¦Here here. Ive tried to find examples of the misspelling here, here on the web, but without much success. I did find a CD with the title Here, Here, and Here. If youve ever watched a session of the House of Commons on television, youll have heard shouts of Hear, hear! These are shouts of approval. The shouters are expressing agreement with whatever a speaker has said. For example, the Daily Mail (Online) describes the response to a remark by David Cameron that the previous administration had broken the nations covenant with [the British] armed forces: The moment he spoke this line the hall erupted in defiant shouts of hear hear and, from one man near me, bloody right. The phrase is a contraction of Hear him, Hear him, meaning listen to what the mans saying. According to some commentators, it is sometimes used ironically. Caitlyn Jenner, you are a normal woman right now, today. You dont need a man to make you a woman. Hear, hear! We reached out to Thomas, who contacted us about the Facebook meme, to tell him it was a fake. He said it just goes to show, â€Å"Everything you read on Facebook isn’t the gospel truth written in stone by Moses. You need to check your sources.† Hear, hear! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Universalism and Particularism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Universalism and Particularism - Essay Example Universalism tends to focus more on the community rather than individuals and thus neutral as it is evident in McCain’s argument on security of the U.S. In a universalistic state, one cannot just go astray or out of normal order just because no one is watching them since one is compelled by law to act in order always. Universalist individuals honor their words no matter the circumstances, and know a deal or a contract cannot be violated. As it is evident in the article, cold war historian, John Lewis Gaddis, presents how in a universalistic nation, every individual is treated equally and fairly. Clearly, this promotes peaceful co-existence among the people and promotes a sense of belonging and security. In the article, particularism is quite evident. The main emphasis is on individuals and their interests. Individuals can modify a situation due to circumstances to suit their friends or relatives. Scoblete’s article shows how a particularistic believes that relationships are developed and created by events. If one is able to change his or her view, point of argument, agreement and so forth, just for the sake of those he or she has an interest in or those who have interest in him, then that is a real particularistic.

Dollar Tree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Dollar Tree - Case Study Example As such, multiple branches are needed of any one retailer in order to truly realize profit on the scale that would sustain the viability of any company for any length of time. Dollar Tree has been able to become such a company, gradually acquiring other discount chains over the years, to now have a presence throughout the entire continental United States and Canada. This paper serves to explain some of the reasons behind their success, as well as providing a description of some future challenges on the horizon. Case Challenge 1 The first challenge facing Dollar Tree rests in the reality that the company’s initial growth was accomplished almost exclusively through acquisition. The question then becomes whether or not this will be an attractive option in the near future. The reality is that expansion through acquisition will likely be quite difficult in today’s economic climate. The company is already struggling to keep its pricing model in tact (all items at $1), and the cost of acquiring other companies will make this increasingly difficult. With the company now poised to pass the 5,000 location mark in the near future, the reality is that it does not need to continue to grow in the manner. Already being considered the industry leader, there are few chains that are in direct competition with it to begin with. If they desire to acquire even more discount dollar chains, it will likely only be in areas of the country where they do not already have an established presence. Case Challenge 2 Dollar Tree also faces the challenge moving forward of being able to continue to offer

The Dragon Rider Essay Example for Free

The Dragon Rider Essay The Dragon Rider is an adventure fantasy novel by Cornelia Funke. The Thief Lord and Inkheart, two other novels by this author, became bestsellers and now Funke’s admirers can enjoy her next work by her. The Dragon Rider is a classical fiction novel. Simple linear narration makes the reading easy, while lively characters and twisted plot make it interesting. In the beginning of narration the novel is set in peaceful Scottish valley. Dragons, who live there are threatened by the invasion of men. Firedrake, a young silver dragon is the main character of the novel. He starts his journey to find legendary Rim of Heaven, a place where dragons can live in peace. Orphan Ban, brownie Sorrel and homunculus Twigleg accompany him in his long and dangerous journey. They make a long way crossing Europe and passing Middle East in order to reach India. Together friends experience a lot of exiting adventures. They have to fight terrible artificial dragon Nettlebrand, who wants to destroy all dragons and reach magical Rim of Heaven. Confrontation between Firedrake and Nettlebrand make the main external conflict of the story. Firedrake and his friends have also to fight giant eagles, wicked dwarfs and little elves. All bad characters of the novel are dark and evil and threaten Firedrake and his friends. Luckily, there are creatures, who are ready to help friends. Gain serpent, djinn and Professor Greenbloom help them to escape their enemies. All characters of the novel are interesting and unique. Each of them has something, which makes the readers care about his or her further fate. Wit dialogues makes the reading easy and interesting. Despite the book is pretty long it is read quickly. Simple narration style makes this novel a page-turner and a very enjoyable read. The book is notable by the big number of characters and succession of episodes, where main characters meet different obstacles on their way to the goal. Fantastic places and events described by the author place the reader into wonderful imaginary world, where everything is possible and mysterious creatures live next to ordinary people. The story is not only a description of Firedrake’s adventures. It is also a story of real friendship, self-sacrifice and achieving goals. Despite characters of the novel are imaginary creatures, they behave like humans and have same problems as people do. They suffer and laugh, doubt and look for important answers. The journey helps the main characters to discover inner strength and power. They learn to achieve their goals and care about the feelings of others. Orphan Ban finds friends he did not manage to meet among people. Little dragon Firedrake destroys myth about evil dragons and proves that they can be kind and caring creatures, who hurt nobody. Even Sorrel, who makes fun of everything and everybody turns to be kind-hearted and caring creature. The value of friendship is one of the main themes of the novel. The author wants to readers to understand that all creatures can exist peacefully in the Universe. People and dragons, serpents and brownies, they all can coexist peacefully. Our planet is diverse and there is enough space for everybody here. The value of human life and all creatures, which live on our planet, is another important message of the book. The main characters come to this realization by the end of the novel. In addition, they visit a lot of interesting places and discover a lot of important things about themselves. Corneila Funke wants her readers to know that any goal can be achieved if you have enough courage in your heart and true friends ready to help you. Sources Funke, Cornelia. , Dragon Rider, Published by Chicken House, 2004.

Security issue on terrorism

Security issue on terrorism When it comes to the word terrorism,what is it? Terrorism is a sudden attack by a small group of people called terrorist that wanted to show their feeling or to get what they want through violent act,the reason why they attack could be related to political issues, religious issues, races issues, economics issues and so on.Terrorist used to attack by bombings and killing. How could the word significant be define? Significant is something more serious, more obvious or more deadly in particular sense and its depending to the situation and circumstances. The reason why terrorism has become a more significant security issues is because Terrorists attacks are stronger (effective) as states do not have strong body to attack like other states. For example, September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center, bali bombings On 10 September 1973, a Provisional IRA bomb exploded in the booking hall at 12.24 pm, causing extensive damage and injuring six people, some seriously. The 3lb (1.4kg) device was thrown without warning into the station by a youth who escaped into the crowd and was not caught. Other than that, Terrorist are more extreme and radical in nature, willing to attack and provoke superpower states. They are willing to attack strong nation states like US, China etc etc. Example, September 11th. Besides that,Terrorist can attack without its own states approval, making it difficult for other states or UN to stop but in the other hand States have reasonable and clear reason why they attack; they attack for benefits and welfare of their sovereignty or welfare of people. Terrorist attacks are less sanely motivated.This case could be refer in the September 11ths tragedy. Terrorist does not have rules of engagement not to attack civilians but in the other hand Legit army have rules of engagement to follow (not to attack unharmed civilians), but terrorist do not have it any ROE such as the Bali Bombing, Terrorist groups are also hard to contact and negotiate with unlike other threats. After the terrorists attack, they could escape to other place and continue their life, they might also have the second attack, its either they attack the same place or not. Next, Terrorists do not need sanction from the UN to do anything they just do it, making them unpredictable such as the September 11th incident, they not need to inform others that they are going to attack, but yet, they attacks on the PWC suddenly and get media attention, this makes terrorism dangerous. Besides that, Terrorists create anxiety as anyone could be terrorists. They are hard to identify. Normal people could be terrorist, but they do not have a special look telling that they are terrorist, they could but at anywhere and anyone. Due to attack, terrorists forces war to break out between states. If a group of terrorist from Iraq attack PWC in US, and they just escape to another country, When US forced Iraq to take imprison the members of Al-Qaeda, but Iraq could nt get Al-Qaeda, then theres will be a conflict between these 2 nations, It might be a war between Iraq and US. Terrorist are dangerous because their attacks might have run wilder around one or two bombings or attack daily and Since the demise of USSR, terrorism has been wilder such as the Mumbai attack in 2008 were more than ten coordinated shooting and bombing attacks by Muslim terrorists from Pakistan. This attack kills at least 173 and 308 people injured. Other that the cases mention above, the list below shows the cases of terrorism attacks. Somalian pirates raid ,They attack ships not for any political gains or religious reasons but rather for financial problems. As of May 2, 2009, the pirates were reported to be holding 17 ships and around 300 crews. 2003 Marriott Hotel Bombings The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing occurred on 5 August 2003 in Mega Kuningan, South Jakarta, Indonesia. A suicide bomber detonated a car bomb outside the lobby of the JW Marriott Hotel, killing twelve people and injuring 150. All those killed were Indonesian with the exception of one Dutch businessman, one Danish, and two Chinese tourists. The hotel was viewed as a Western symbol, and had been used by the United States embassy for various events. The hotel was closed for five weeks and reopened to the public on 8 September. 2004 Australian embassy bombing The 2004 Australian embassy bombing took place on 9 September 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. Madrid Train Bombings The Madrid train bombings consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanà ­as (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004 (three days before Spains general elections), killing 191 people and wounding 1,800. The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by a al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell although no direct al-Qaeda participation has been established. Spanish miners who did not carry out the attacks but who sold the explosives to the terrorists were also arrested. Besides that,we also have the cases of 2010 Moscow Metro Bombings , TheMay 1998 riots in Indonesia, Pakistani state terrorism, State terrorism by Iran and State terrorism and Russia. USSR= TheUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) was aconstitutionallysocialist statethat existed inEurasiafrom 1922 to 1991. ROE= Rules of Engagement = inmilitaryorpoliceoperations, therules of engagement(ROE) determine when, where, and how force shall be used. Such rules are both general and specific, and there have been large variations between cultures throughout history. Is there any more significant issues in Security issues? Terrorism is a significant issue in security issue, but there are more issues that serious than Terrorism. Terrorists are active, but they are not more dangerous as states. States have WMDs, but terrorists often dont. And the food security. China is becoming a developed country. Around the world, there are many states that are purchasing products (daily needs ) from China such as clothes, accessories, food and so on. The case of the Melamine incident causes people from many states avoid for buying the food products from china such as milk candies. Especially milk, in November 2008 China reported an estimated there are 300,000 victims causes by this Melamine incident ,six infants dying fromkidney stonesand otherkidney damage, and a further 860 babies hospitalized. We can see that many babies suffered from kidney problems after they took the milk powder. An infant still have many years to go, how could they survive in their future? This has affected the next generation. Besides that, Health issue is also concerning in security issue such as the SARS incident and H1N1 incident. Health issue can be define as problems concerning health which can lead to massive outbreaks that harms hundreds or thousands of lives. More than 5,300 SARS infections have been reported at the end of April 2003 in more than 20 countries so far, the most SARS cases are in China. The global death toll is at least 400, so far and the number climbs. The number of suspected and infected cases of SARS is tiny so far, compared to the 3 million people who died of AIDS last year, the danger of the SARS epidemic is significant. For H1N1, Although most cases are mild, these epidemics still cause severe illness in 3-5 million people and 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide. On average 41,400 people die each year in theUnited Statesbased on data collected between 1979 and 2001.The latesr report from the CDC estimates that in the United States alone, as of March 2010, there had been about 12,0 00 deaths caused by swine flu. On January 18, 2010, the WHO Director-General also said the pandemic appeared to be easing in the northern hemisphere but could still cause infections until winter ends in April, and that it was too soon to say what would happen once the southern hemisphere enters winter and the virus becomes more infectious.Currently, there are 14,286 confirmed deaths worldwide. This figure is a sum of confirmed deaths reported by national authorities. Third, Natural disasters are also significant in security issue.Terrorism actions may be dangerous and claim dozens of lives, but natural disasters claims thousands or millions of lives. The weather nowadays changes very quickly,makes that natural disasters are more unpredictable and even more impossible to stop than terrorism such as Haiti earthquake, China Sze Quan 512 earthquake, Tzunami in Southeast Asia and Chille, floods in China Yellow River, Lahar in Tangiwai. Terrorists attack can be recovered from any of their attack less significant, natural disaster problems are more dangerous and bring more problems because natural disaster causes plagues, massive infrastructure damages and so on. Lahar is volcanic mudflow or landslide. This happened in 1953 Tangiwai disaster caused by lahar and in 1958,the Amero tragedy caused the town of Amero was buried and an estimated of 23,000 people were killed. Floods is also a serious security issue as in 1931, the great flood at Huang He caused death between 200,000 to 4,000,000 in China. Although issues caused by terrorism is worrying, security issues caused by natural disasters are more complex to deal with as these events are at most, completely unpredictable and there are no ways that the state can deal with the threat unlike terrorism. Conclusion It still remains difficult to say whether or not terrorism is the most significant or a more significant threat in security issues nowadays. This is because the security issues faced by one nation state may differ from the ones being faced by other nation states. Yes, globally, terrorism is a growing threat in security issues, however, due to globalization, and the rapid destruction of the environment caused by man, so is health and natural disaster issues as well. However, to make a sweeping statement to say that terrorism threats affect the whole world is difficult to say. Security issues faced in Malaysia may differ from security issues faced in the United States or even Africa. In a nutshell, terrorism is becoming a more significant security issue in the certain nation states but not in the whole world as there are other more significant issues that are out there as well.

Ethics Answers Essay

1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes, I agree with Emmanuel Kant. It is said that a man’s worth is measured by how much he helped others to ease their burdens, and acted with compassion for the well-being of the majority. But first, he must preserve his integrity and self-respect before he can serve his fellow man. As Kant stated, one who transgresses against himself loss his manliness and becomes incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. The most important duty to us is the preservation of one’s life and dignity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes. Certainly, suicide is abominable. And Kant’s arguments against suicide are very convincing and tenable. We, as human beings, are vested with the gift of willpower, the freedom to choose things that make us happy and contented. It would be a waste if this willpower is used as a means to destroy one’s very life. Suicide defeats the purpose of what makes us human, that is to serve others and dignify one’s life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this instance, the Congressman lost his self-worth in two ways; one, by accepting bribe, and the second by being drunk. Because a man’s worth is by doing his moral duty to himself and others, this duty would not be attained because he transgresses against himself. Kant observed that he who transgresses against himself loses his manliness and become incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. A man who fails in his duty to himself loses worth absolutely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Worth in Emmanuel Kant’s concept is the capacity of an individual to perform his moral duties to himself and others. It is a man’s over-all personality. Thus, a man who has destroyed and cast away his personality, has no intrinsic worth, and can no longer perform any manner of duty to himself and to his fellow human being.

How to Deal with Difficult People

I work at JC Penney's and I hear griping all the time from other associates and definitely from customers. Even I gripe about how work does not get finished. My job is to bring out merchandise from the stockroom so I can hang them up on racks. Every morning after I clock in we have to get our bags so we can put our money in the registers. Right as I leave to get my cart from the stockroom a customer always has a return. It never fails that someone has to return. This customer wanted to return a pair of jeans without a receipt or tags. It is hard to explain to a customer our policy if she doesn't want to listen. I told her the policy was that if she wanted to return something she would have to have a receipt or the tags. She wanted me to call management since she knew someone that worked there. I call the operator and ask to see if there were any managers available. The operator told me that there was no one available until noon. I knew after I hung up the customer would not be happy. The irritation arose when the customer said, â€Å"Well I don't have until noon I want my money now! † After telling her again that no one was available she was just standing there with her arms crossed wanting her money back. After a few minutes I finally decided to tell her that she can exchange it for the same thing she had. You aren't supposed to do that but that was the only thing I could think of right then. That idea had worked. I could finally get her off my back and get on with my work. She went to get another pair of jeans. She wasn't happy with what she got but we both apologized for the mess and that was it. I finally made it to the stock room to get my cart. Most of the clothes I put out needs to have a security ink tag on the sleeve. The people who work in the stock room are supposed to hang and put one on each article of clothing. I can not take anything out of the stock room until they are hung right and ink tagged. I went over to the associate and asked her why they haven't been ink tagged. She gave me a nasty look and said that I could do it. That part takes up to much time so I can't get my work finished. I told the lady I wasn't going to take out the cart until it was done right. There were about eight people working in the stockroom at the same time so you would figure the cart would be finished. Another lady decided to quit what she was doing to complete the job. While I was back out on the floor arranging for the clothes to all fit on the racks she brings the cart out to me instead of me having to go back there and get it for myself. She told me that the other girl that didn't do the tagging wasn't feeling to well and wanted to get out of there as soon as possible so that was why she didn't do it. I told her that I was mad or anything I just wanted to get this cart out so I could get another cart. The phone rang as I was getting ready to put shorts out and it was my manager. She told me over the phone that if they don't have time to do something in the back that you should be able to finish the job on your own. I told her that it wasn't our job to ink tag the clothes. Even the people in the back were told from management that they had to do it. I didn't even have any ink tags to do it anyway. She told me that it was ok and I went on with my work. Later in the evening when my work was just about complete I was ringing up a customer and this lady stormed up to the register with an New World Order wrestling shirt. The shirt was from the Children's Department and I work in the Men's Department clear on the other side of the store. I asked her if she needed any help. She started complaining about how these shirts are a disgrace to our children and shouldn't be sold in stores. Waiting to check out about she was preaching to me and the other customers of how it will influence children to fight and get hurt. As I was just standing there I could feel the heat arise in my body because I didn't know what to tell her. I just told her that this is the in-thing and it is a big seller for kids. She snapped back at me wanting to speak to a manager. I called management and they came right away. The customer started going on and on to her about the same thing and the manager told her she was sorry how this clothing has an effect on her and should not buy it if she doesn't like it. We are not the only store that sells this article of clothing. The manager offered her a ten-dollar gift certificate but the customer refused saying she will never shop here again. She simply threw the shirt on the counter and everyone in line was staring at me. The next person in line said that I shouldn't have to put up with people like that. That lady was rude to cut in line to argue about some clothes. I was talking to her how there were stores all over the world selling wrestling shirts. The griping customer saw that I was busy so she came to interrupt my work. I just forgot about what happened and went back to doing my work. Gripers today are found every-where you go. If you want to quit griping just try to keep whatever you want to gripe about to yourself and then there won't be any problems or arguments.

buy custom The Alabama Immigration Law essay

buy custom The Alabama Immigration Law essay The Federal state of Alabama recently enacted a more stringent anti-immigration law under the Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act. Enforcement of this legislation against all odds prompted the implementation of other immigration laws across the state of Alabama (Alabama Department of Education 2011). Section 28 of the Alabama Immigration Act which is deeply embedded in the enrolment policies of states education department as summarized herein: i)Every public school will be required to determine whether children or students enrolled at the Kindergarten, elementary or secondary levels were illegal immigrants born outside the boundaries of the United States of America. All illegal immigrant children living in the United States together with their parents, legal custodians or guardians will be reported to the Superintendent of education in all the districts of Alabama. ii)All the public schools within the State of Alabama will register students on condition that they produce original copy of their birth certificate or any other certified documentation that confirms status of the citizenship or immigration status. iii)If a student cannot produce the original birth certification or any other official proof that s/he was born within the state of Alabama for one reason or the other at the time of enrollment, the parents, legal custodians and guardian will be required to avail documentation or any other proof of a students immigration status or federal citizenship within a span 30 days. iv)The school inspection will be carried out by the school official from time to time in all the public schools throughout the districts of Alabama to verify if students documentations bear the true identity of their holders. However, in the event that parents/guardian/legal custodians fail to produce all the required documentations, an individual student will be deemed an alien. In this case, the guardians, parents or legal representatives will be required by the Act to sign a declaration indicating that a student is an illegal immigrant (Alabama Department of Education 2011). v)The school officials will then be charged with the legal responsibility of reporting all the illegal students present in all Alabama and other states of the United States. The State Board of Education will then consolidate all the collected data of the illegal students in the Alabama public schools and submit the final list to the mandated legislature. vi)This data will then be used to investigate the economic effects of the rising numbers of illegal students on the quality of education in both primary and secondary public schools across the state of Alabama. Pressure posed by these alien students on the learning resources such as text books, computers other supplies and other educational provisions (extracurricular activities and discounted meals) given by both the federal and state governments in Alabama will also be established for the purposes of future fiscal planning (Alabama Department of Education 2011). Considering that the swelling populations of the illegal immigrants in Alabama and other federal states of United States, the implications of the Alabama Immigration Law is far-fetched in all spheres of the American life despite the mere fact that the legislative assembly of Alabama enacted the law to protect the taxpaying Alabama citizens from the prevailing economic menace posed by the increasing numbers of illegal immigrants. The economic, social and political impacts of the Law will be felt by all illegal immigrants in every corner of the public and private sectors of Alabama. It is quite unfortunate though that children who are born to illegal immigrants will not gain admission into the Alabama public schools once the Alabama Immigration Law is enforced as intended in the Alabamas civil society (Dugam, 2011). The simple locking of these children from the public schools across the district of Alabama will considerably deny this poor lot an access quality education compared to their citizen counterparts- a phenomenon that propagates chronic social and economic disparity in Alabama. Worse still, illegal children will also be discriminated against in regard to the provision of health care and other social services (Dwyer, 2004). From the time of its enactment and eventual enforcement in September this year (2011), the social survey report conducted in Alabama to assess the impacts of the legislation reveals that the Alabama Immigration Law reveals has seen many illegal children and continuing students out of school some of which are unable to access quality healthcare services- the basic human rights that are deeply entrenched in the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. In facts and figures, more than 1,300 children are locked out of Alabama public schools out of which 572 children have been denied access to quality health care in vaious public healthcare institutions in Alabama on the basis of their non-citizenship (New York Times, 2011). Secondly, illegal children, majority being from the ethnic minority, are subjected to untold magnitudes of stigma and discrimination due to their lowly immigration status. Mere knowledge that these children and young students are aliens who are living in Alabama against the law of the state makes them develop the feelings of inferiority among their peers. It is most remarkable that psychological stigma and emotional torture caused by this kind of a discriminative law and public policies of the sort is well pronounced among the teenage students at the secondary levels of education but to a lesser extent to younger children who are not yet conscious of their ego. The most detrimental of all, this particular bill makes it possible to track down adult illegal immigrants through their childrens registration at the Alabamas public schools. As such, many illegal adult immigrants, who constitute the largest percentage of Alabama labor force on the agricultural farms and industries, are living in great fear of deportation. The New York Times, reports that multitudes of the illegal immigrants are already fleeing Alabama for the fear that they might get deported to unknown destinations. Consequently, this mass fleeing of illegal migrant, who provide the much needed human labor in the agricultural and industrial sectors, causes a significant drop in the economic productivity of the states economy (Dugam 2011). Increased government revenue: heavy presence of illegal immigrations poses much economic burden to Alabama since the cost of educating non-citizen is spread across the citizen tax payers. Similarly, keeping the increasing numbers of the non-citizens within the Alabama public school without their parents, guardians, and custodians pay taxes put much strain on the limited learning resources such as computers, text books, meals, and sports facilities in all the public schools (Jurist Legal News Research, 2011). This highly compromises the quality of education students get from the public schools of Alabama. Improve quality of education: to enhance the quality of education and efficiency of service delivery at the public schools, the annual fiscal planning must cater for the learning needs of both the citizen and non-citizen students alike. This can only be realized when the education officials report the number of illegal students that are enrolled in each across the districts of Alabama to the state legislature. The subsequent tracking of all illegal immigrants and taxation will allow the state to plan and provide quality education to all children. Effective States Fiscal Planning for Education: due to high populations of illegal immigrants in Alabama (estimated at 11 million adults), the numbers of illegal children are equally large hence they must be considered in the fiscal planning of the state if at all the education sector has to run smoothly. Therefore, for the sake of future educational fiscal planning, sustainable quality education to all children, and proper allocation of learning resources to all students (regardless of their nationality and immigration status), the educational officials must document and report all the illegal students within the public schools in Alabama. In spite of the claims by the Alabama legislature that the immigration law is stringent enough to check the rising trends of illegal immigration into Alabama, the deputy United States Attorney General Thomas Perez is strongly opposed to the enactment and subsequent enforcement of the law on the basis that it violates the U.S. Federal laws that provides for equal educational opportunity to all children and further protection of childrens rights in all states of the U.S. notwithstanding their race, economic, nationality, origin and social status. In the spirit of the Federal Constitution, the Alabama Immigration Law constitutes a gross violation of the documented human rights. In his letter to superintendents of Alabama schools, Perez blatantly expresses his inherent fear that the newly enacted immigration law that demands vital information from students might discourage or chill participation of young people in public education. Basing his argument on the actual figures extracted from the Federal Bureau of Statistics, Perez reiterates the mere fact that children the law has drastically reduce the rate of non-citizen childrens enrollment in all public schools within the districts of Alabama. It is therefore evident that the law frustrates the goals of the U.S. Federal Department of Education that aims at attaining universal education for all by the year 2018. On the same magnitude of disapproval, the United States Department of Justice through the Supreme Court rules the law as unconstitutional since taking into consideration its unmerited act of denying children the gains of education and learning opportunity within the districts of Alabama . The Alabama Immigration Law therefore puts the Alabama law makers on the spot for their faulty inhuman legislation not only in other federal states of U.S. but across the world. Despite the massive denunciation Alabama Immigration Law attracts from the Federal government, foreign government and humanitarian agencies, educational officials serving within the Alabama districts are under strict directives to implement the law to the letter (Jurist Legal News Research 2011). This phenomenon puts the educational officials in a big dilemma as to whether they should take heed of the directives as given by their law makers or uphold their professional ethics of providing education and health care services to all children and students regardless of their color, immigration status, nationality, origin, race and gender. Terry L. Coopers book, The Responsible Administrator, provides a fundamental guide necessary for the confrontation and address of various ethical issues revolving around the enforcement of the Act by the school officials. According to the principles of Administrative Ethics, beneficence and social responsibility are two values that school official must uphold at any given time (Cooper, 2006). Under these two values, the school officials must always ensure that the welfare of the ethnic minority children in the public schools of Alabama is guaranteed and further protected against any possible violation similar to the one induced by the Alabama Immigration Law. Against all odds, the officials have the mandate and moral authority to promote the enrolment of illegal student within the public schools no matter the situation- this remains the noble course that surpasses any other reason as to why the illegal immigrants should be denied access to education in the public schools. Additionally, they are charged with the legal duty and an obligation to provide education to the general public particularly the vulnerable group of the ethnic minority illegal students. For this matter, their direct involvement in t he enforcement of this unjust law will render them highly unethical since it is a violation of the administrative ethics. Secondly, the aspect of justice and equality must take pre-eminence in deciding whether the law is ethical or not (Raul, 2002). Fully aware that education is a fundamental human right and that every individual is entitled to it, any action or agency that would impede on this right is regarded as unethical. As an ethical and morally upright educational official, it is not prudent checking and reporting the immigration status of a child enrolment in public schools to the District Education Board because the resultant actions of such a move will deny these innocent young students an opportunity to learn. This law will lock many illegal students out of the Alabama public schools owing to the fact they will not get registered by the education officials contrary to the federal law. This law hence constitutes a serious breach of universal human rights which calls for education for all regardless of their immigration status, race, origin, nationality, and gender. The legislation is therefore extremely unethical because its explicit enforcement within the Alabama public schools will cut off illegal students from accessing quality education like their legal counterparts (Raul, 2002). Finally, the enforcement of the law compromises confidentiality and privacy of personal information regarding the illegal immigrants and illegal students that the school officials supposedly safeguard in the education. The subsequent common knowledge about illegal students personal information as well those of their parents, custodians, and guardians, reduces their egos in schools and the wider Alabama civil society. As a result, the illegal students suffer untold psychological torture and constant feelings of guilt. For the purposes of effective learning, the students ego should always be safeguarded- a simple thing the law remarkably fails to address. Conclusion The more stringent immigration law: the Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act enacted by the Federal state of Alabama is unconstitutional and highly discriminative as it violates the right of everyone to access quality education in the state of Alabama. It is therefore unethical for the school officials whose main moral authority is to make education accessible enforce the law. The Alabama Immigration Law takes an inhuman face since it not only fails to address the fears of the parents and illegal students in the entire Alabama but also subject illegal student to all manner of discrimination. The unethical law simply aspires to aggravate the existing discrimination against illegal students in the Alabama public schools and it deliberately fails to ensure that the rights of the vulnerable children are protected from any abuse by the public policies similar to the law. Buy custom The Alabama Immigration Law essay

A Girl Making Bikes Fly Professor Ramos Blog

A Girl Making Bikes Fly I never imagined that a girl like me would be on a dirt bike, flying up in the air and racing against a bunch of boys. I never thought I could do it or thought I had it in me to be so fearless, or so strong. When everyone thinks of riding motorcycles or doing anything dangerous they think that it’s a man doing it. I was a girl who weighed 120lbs and had never ridden my life. Growing up my dad and my older brother both had dirt bikes, and every year took trips out to the desert when riding season came around, and every year I wanted to go with them, but they wouldn’t let me. I would always ask my dad if I could get a bike of my own, but he never wanted his fragile precious daughter to ride a motorbike and hurt herself. When I got older and was able to make decisions on my own, a boyfriend I had at the time, had a dirt bike and would go to a track that was nearby and ride or race when they had racing events. One day he invited me out to the track to watch a race. I had never been to a track before or even knew they were around. When we got there, he explained to me there were a few different tracks that had different levels. There was the beginner, intermediate and the main track. The main track was the hardest and had the biggest jumps, and these were the kind of jumps that if you didn’t land where you were supposed to, you were most likely going to land in the hospital. When I got out of the truck I was so excited, all I could hear was the motors. These people were going as fast as they could, trying to pass each other and souring through the air jumping these huge jumps, and as they went around turns dirt was flying from their back tires. I had never seen anything like it, other than on th e tv.   Out with all of the them, I saw this bad ass chick riding a dirt bike jumping all the same jumps they were, I thought that was so awesome, I wanted to go out there so bad and ride with her. They all made it look so easy, and I thought if she could do it, so could I. I was so stuck on that day, literally two weeks later I went out and got a dirt bike, a CRF 250. Now, the first time I rode it was definitely not on the track or else I would’ve been murdered from getting ran over by everyone riding, or just hurt myself because I had no idea what I was doing. So, we took the bikes up to some land his parents owned, and he began to teach me. I started off slow, and when I say slow I mean I was totally afraid to take my feet off the ground and go.   Plus, the bike was tall and heavy, so I was on my tip toes trying to keep it up, I probably looked like a teeter totter. If you don’t have the muscle memory, or just muscle in general, its really easy to tip over. So, there was a lot of falling down without even going anywhere. Eventually, I got a hang of taking my feet off of the ground and at least moving. We went to his parents land a few more times to practice so that when It came time to go to the track I could at least ride without kil ling myself. When it came time to go to the track I was so nervous. As you can imagine, I started on the beginner’s track. The beginners track was the easiest, it was smaller than the rest and all the jumps were tabletops. Tabletops are exactly how they sound, they look like tables, theyre jumps where you could jump on top of it, or jump the whole thing and land in the landing. Well, I rolled over them, as these little kids on their tiny bikes flew by me like I was standing still. I was definitely a fish out of water. While I had my boyfriend on his bike riding next to me yelling out â€Å"lean†! or â€Å"Faster†! encouraging me to ride better. One of the next times we went, I finally built up the courage to go faster over a jump and I actually got the bike off of the ground. I ran to my boyfriend and yelled â€Å"I finally did it†. Now, it might have just been a few inches off the ground, but I was so happy. We started to go a lot more and I would practice and practic e. Eventually, I was able to jump the whole jump! I was obsessed with the rush. After going so much, I was able to ride the whole beginners track and was ready to move on to the intermediate track which was   harder. On that track I had to start over again, rolling jumps and slowly turn without tipping over. Sometimes, I would get frustrated from not being able to jump the jumps since they were a lot bigger, there was a lot more people, and the track was more strategic..   The biggest jumps on that track were both tabletops, one was about 30 ft and the other was a little bigger. I tried to jump them but would end up just jumping on top of the face of it, too afraid of going so fast and didn’t want to hurt myself. My boyfriend told me that if I wanted to jump it, I was going to have to go faster, to get it out of second gear and pin it, so that’s what I did. I came at the jump in third gear and cleared it! I eventually ended up clearing both the big jumps and was able to ride the   whole rest of the track without a breeze. I fell in love with it so much, I started loading up my bike up and go to the track by myself. One day I heard there was going to be a race held at the track, so I decided to enter it. I entered men’s beginner. I was so nervous that day and the days before it. I remember gearing up, riding my bike to the starting gate, almost having a heart attack.   But I was ready, the gates went down and off we went. I rode as fast as I could I jumped all of the jumps and finished all five laps, I felt so accomplished, I ended up last, but I still felt accomplished. I did not care at all that I got last, all I wanted to do is say I raced and finished! A few month later   ended up in another race, signing up for the men’s beginners   and women’s beginners . In men’s I ended up beating one of the guys. I actually almost landed on him because he didn’t jump one of those big table tops. He should’ve pinned it. He wasn’t too happy that I beat him, but I sure was. And I ended up getting first in the women’s race. Now whenever I tell anyone I rode dirt bikes they look at me funny, because they would have never expected me â€Å"a girl† to do anything so crazy, or dangerous. But they also thought it was pretty awesome. I proved that I could do anything I wanted to do, even if i am a girl. Thanks to that bad ass chick I saw out there riding, I became one myself. Sorry Dad, I’m not so fragile after all.

Does the modern day target driven fire and rescue service need better Essay

Does the modern day target driven fire and rescue service need better management or does leadership provide the solution - Essay Example Several theories are explained in detail and related to the FRS to gauge which theory bets applies for the improvement of the operational system. Among these theories are trait, behavioral, contingency, constellation, participative, management, relationship, path-goal theory, action-centered leadership and the leadership grid. These theories prove that some of them are not applicable while some are in the given situation the analysis and discussion point out that management by objective can only be successful when there is leadership and thus both have to be implemented simultaneously. Towards the end recommendations have been given as to how the leadership can be improved with the goal oriented management. the private sector today is undergoing immense change with downsizing and greater work responsibility in their management systems. This according to Grint (2005) is because the people expect more for less and the same expectation has paved its way into the public sectors also where the people expect organizations like the fire department to provide more from the limited resources. To fulfill this demand, the fire departments have been undergoing drastic changes. This as George (2003) explains has become essential in order to be efficient and competitive in the market place. To suffice the demand of the people, and be according to the way the people want the department to be, the government has realized that the management system has to be adjusted so that the changing needs of the people may be met. At the same time, adds Taylor (2009) with the recession, the costs are increasing, people are paying fewer taxes and thus the fire department has a lower budget to work with and therefor e it requires to be more efficient and to maximize the use of its resources. The fire department has always been managed with the rank-based management system. However, the government wants to change

Australian Migration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Australian Migration Law - Essay Example The 90-day period is to be reckoned from the time the Secretary responded to the Registrar’s written notice of the existence of such an application for review under s 418 (1). Within 10 days of receipt of that written notice, the Secretary must respond with a written statement concerning the decision being reviewed setting out the findings of facts of the deciding person, evidence supporting such decision and reasons for such decision under s 418 (2). The only exception to the reviewability rule is when the Minister has forbidden it by issuing a conclusive certificate which precludes a review of his decision if he has determined that a review would not be in the best interest of the country in accordance with s 411 (3). For Mischa’s application to be valid and aside from complying with the prescriptive period of 28 days, his application must be: in the prescribed form; with the prescribed application fee, if one is required. In addition, such application can only be lod ged by Mischa while he is in Australia. Q2 Advise Mischa with respect to his situation. Include in your advice responses the following questions: (a) What is his current immigration status? (b) How can he remain in Australia lawfully whilst he responds to these allegations and the decision to cancel his visa is reviewed? Ans.: The cancellation Mischa’s protection visa has the effect of making him an unlawful citizen. This is the principle laid down in s 15, Part 2 of the Migration Act 1958, which makes the unlawful status effective immediately after cancellation unless the individual is the holder of another valid visa. For Mischa to be able to stay in Australia lawfully, he must apply for another visa. However, under s 48 (1) (ii) and s 48A (1) (b) of the Migration Act of 1958, Mischa is prohibited from applying for another protection visa. What Mischa can do to make his stay in Australia legal while waiting for the conclusion of the review of his appeal with the RRT, is

Pop Art- Andy Warhol Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pop Art- Andy Warhol - Research Paper Example The essay "Pop Art- Andy Warhol" states the art of Andy Warhol. To understand the concepts and techniques employed in the pop art, this paper will analyze Andy Warhol through the period of his work. This will include the techniques and themes he employed in his work the origin and the implication of the art movement as well as the work of Andy Warhol through analysis of literature and internet sources in the form of annotated bibliography. Pop art originated in Britain much earlier than it did in North America, but their origins were independently motivated. The beginning of pop art in the United States marked the reemergence of the hard-edged composition of art and the use of representational art. The representational nature of art was achieved through pop art by the artists using mundane reality, impersonal, parody and irony to mask the personal symbolism. â€Å"The works of pop artists were at their greatest high in America in 1960’s and the term pop art was introduced in December of 1962 during a Symposium on pop art that was organized by the museum of modern art†. Freeman, asserts that the generation of American pop artists in its prime duration of the 1960’s had to search deeply for dramatic styles that would help in the creation of a demarcation between the art and the well-designed commercial material. The prime period of the pop art was known as the pop art movement that was marked by a new level of fascination with the popular culture that was meant to influence and reflect the post-war society.

College Scholarship Essay Example for Free

College Scholarship Essay Hi, my name is Stacey Burrell and I currently attending Boston Arts Academy as a Junior theatre major. I believe its never too early to start looking at colleges and scholarships. My schools of interest include Juilliard, Colombia, and Dartmouth. I am not the first in my family to go to college but I am apart of the first generation. My parents are from Jamaica and never fully completed their education. Ive always had to make the most of financial aid and luck. My parents are definitely not rich but weve always found ways to pay for what we need. My sister just enrolled at Cornell University almost entirely through financial aid and merit based scholarships. I feel as though I deserve this scholarship because my grades definitely reflect how important education is to me. I plan to major in Theatre Arts and minor in Education. See more: how to write a winning scholarship essay Theatre has always been a huge part of my life. My goal for the future is to teach youth how.important theatre is. It can tell stories that help people connect to one another. I also deserve this scholarship to prove to myself that I can actually achieve my dreams. I always set the bar high for myself as you can see in my choice of colleges; its always hard having an older sibling.and being compared to them all the time. This scholarship will just be one step closer to my dream of going to college and following in my sisters footsteps. This essay might not stand out to you because I know there are people out there with sickness and disease. Im in good health and I have a supportive family. All I have to prove that I deserve this scholarship are my grades and my determination to go to college.

Gay and Lesbian Partners Deserve Health Benefits Essay -- Argumentativ

In the United States today, one to twelve percent of the population is homosexual (Gilbert, 17). In recent years, gay men, lesbians and bisexuals have been fighting long and hard to get the same rights and benefits as their heterosexual counterparts. Now, employers and health care providers are being forced to listen to their cries for equality. Should employers offer health benefits for domestic partners of gay employees? This question is forcing society to think about, and possibly change, what their definition of couple/family truly means. As would be expected, most employers offer health benefits to their heterosexual employees and their families. Some companies cover the total cost of this benefit, others cover the bulk of the cost while the employee contributes a small amount each week out of their salary. In some instances, this can account for 25% of the employee's total wages (Partners-Domestic). Employers are using the excuse of high expenses as their main reason behind not offering these same benefits to their homosexual employees. They think it will cost them more in health care contributions for homosexual employees than it does for heterosexual ones. Their main concern? AIDS. In reality, many current domestic partner plans relate that: "Less than one percent of the workforce participates, AIDS health care benefit costs come to only about one-tenth those of a premature baby, gay men do not always get AIDS, and AIDS is not exclusive to gay men" (Partners-Domestic). A major obstacle for gay employees is that their employers have to confront their employee's homosexuality; something many employers are afraid of, or refuse to do. Using the law as their scapegoat by say... ...p.html. December 1995. Partners Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples. "Factoids on Domestic Partnership Benefits" 1995. Internet URL: http://www.eskimo.com/~demian/d-p-fac.html. Dec 1995. Partners Task Force for Gay and Lesbian Couples. "Partners National Survey of Lesbian and Gay Couples" 1995. Unternet URL: http://www.eskimo.com/~demian/survey.html. Dec 1995. "Companies, Municipalities and Universities with Domestic Partnership Plans". Internet URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/dtw/www/companies.html. "In the Superior Court For the State of Alaska Fourth Judicial District". Internet URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/domestic-partners/Tumeo_v_U_Alaska.txt "University of Iowa Domestic Partner Coverage". Internet URL: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/scotts/domestic-partners/U-Iowa-costs.html.

In paper for Martin Luther Trial

Martin Luther is a German monk. He has given himself up to the authority of the Catholic Church to address the charges that he is a heretical revolutionist. The year is 1520 and it is taken place in the city of Worms. Historians have said that this trial has led to the birth of the modern world. Martin Luther was on a journey to Worms when a bolt of lightening knocked Luther to the ground. Luther took the lightening to be a call from God, and to the disappointment of his father, who hoped he would become a lawyer, took vows at an Augustinian monastery to begin a profoundly Christian life.A trip to Rome in 1510 caused Luther to begin to seriously question certain Catholic practices. As he watched incompetent, flippant, and cynical clergy performing their holy duties he began to experience doubts about the Catholic Church. Encouraged by the reception to his views, Luther aimed at new targets. He challenged the power of the Church to excommunicate its members, writing that only God coul d sever spiritual communion. He also questioned the primacy of the Church in Rome, suggesting that there was a lack of historical support for putting its authority above that of other churches.By holding steadfast to his interpretation of Scripture, Luther provided the impetus for the Reformation, a reform movement that would divide Europe into two regions, one Protestant and one Catholic. This set the scene for religious wars. Martin Luther is being charged on 2 counts. One, inciting members of the Catholic Church to rebel against the authority and established doctrines of the universal Christian church. Two, willful denial of the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.Opening statement: Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. My name is Elizabeth and it is my privilege to represent Martin Luther in this case before you today. You have heard the prosecutors explain what they hope to be proven, but the prosecutors did not tell you â€Å"all† of the facts. It is said that Luther was ‘inciting members of the Catholic Church to rebel against the authority' but Luther was representive of his time in the sense that he articulated the widespread desire for reform of the Christian church and a deep yearning for salvation.It has also been said that Luther has a willful denial of the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church when it is just that he arrived at a new understanding of the Christian doctrines. He became to believe that salvation comes not through external observances and penance but through a simple faith in Christ. The witnesses we will be examining is Martin Luther, Henry VIII, John Calvin, Queen Elizabeth, Jan Hus, John Wycliffe, and Anabaptist. After listening to what the witnesses have said we would ask you to keep an open mind and listen to ALL the evidence and return a verdict of not guilty. Thank you.

1984 – Technology in Todays Soceity

Not many people are fans of being excessively supervised and observed. From an 11 year old boy being observed in the park by his grandparents, to a student sitting in class being observed by the teacher during examination. Knowing that you are constantly under surveillance can be very intimidating. Right through history, the intensity of government regulations have altered from low down to sky-scraping. The novel 1984, written by George Orwell consistent of a very dictatorial government. In this fictional commentary novel, George Orwell predicts the future where technology and the power given to the government will reduce privacy in everyone’s day to day life. Today’s society is majorly impacted by the rapid development of technology; in the novel George Orwell had used technology as an example of lack of privacy. To begin with, our advanced technology has reached such an extent that it is very straightforward for the government to figure out everything about us from our past including, our previous vacation, were we live, where we attended school or even last time we made a purchase through our debit or credit. To gain access into a person’s life the government has issued every citizen a social insurance number, this card contains a person’s entire record of everything that they have done in the country. This is related to what George Orwell had expressed in his novel, the government in the novel is being referred to the big brother. In the novel the big brother kept watch over every step that was done by the humans, there was even a sign which said â€Å"big brother is watching you,† this is the same as our government now since most things we do are being watched or even listened to. Another example of this would be the use of telescreens in the novel. The telescreens previewed everybody’s room in the building; therefore if any movement or discussion going on will not be private, â€Å"Any sound Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it†. This is now similar to today’s surveillance cameras; although this novel was written in 1948 the first surveillance camera had been invented in 1965. Since then the world had become more advanced than ever before. Cameras are now put up almost everywhere in; business offices, convenience store, apartment buildings, intersections, even all age schools. In the novel the author essentially points out that the future will hold no privacy and telescreens. phone calls, emails, texting are examples of telescreens since they can be accessed by the government authorities anytime. In conclusion, the novel 1984, is a fiction although what George Orwell tried illustrating was us humans are going head over heel with technology which is giving the government power. Some events that occurred in his novel have actually accrued and while he was writing this novel it was all a prediction for the future because some things he mentioned did not exist in that time period.

Essay about Marketing Reseach

Essay about Marketing Reseach Essay about Marketing Reseach ELIZABETH MATUNDA * National Diploma in Business * Unit 10: An Introduction to Marketing Research * P1: Describe the main types of marketing research and how they have been used to make a marketing decision in a given situation: * Marketing Research: * Marketing research is the gathering of all the data together which enables to know what the needs of the customers are and they want. It is carried out to determine consumer’s needs and wants before developing the product or services. it is a continual process and does not end with the launch on any one or any other company product or service. Hence once a business has started, marketing research needs to be on going so as to remain competitive in order to fulfil customer’s needs. * primary research: * primary research is defined as type of research that involves collecting of different information within a business in different ways such as conducting market survey, interviewing , questionnaire or even focus group interview and etc. Hence this information is collected directly from the customers. Therefore this research is carried out according to the research of the company requirement. as for the primary research, it Is mainly based on the sampling techniques hence this requires statistic method * secondary research: * Secondary research is simply defined as a research that involves the processing of data that has been collected previously by someone. Hence this refers to the discussion of previous market research such as report or press articles in able to make conclusion. Therefore this information gathered from previous studies performed by trade association and other organisation. * quantitative data: * Quantitate data are those that specifically aim on the numbers and figures of sales per month. hence not at the meaning and experience this can be used to show the patterns within a business using statistical data, track the amounts of market shares for big companies, add up the amount of stores stocking a particular product and list the amount of cash being invested into advertising on a product.. * qualitative data: * Qualitative data can be defined as those data that are focused on describing the meaning and not drawing statistical. this could information on the reasons people buy, what makes them buy the product, service or advertisements. It can be used to look at reactions to advertisement campaigns, their views new products and information about the consumers’ preferences. Qualitative research gives more descriptive answers and expresses the customers’ emotions. * P1: List a minimum of 6 methods of primary and 6 methods of secondary research giving an explanation of each one. * PRIMARY RESEARCH: * Observation: * this is when the business tries to watch/observe how their customers behave or react toward their product or competitors for instant what are people doing, what they are buying where they are and how often.. For example on the clothing shops such as new look they will try and watch how many customers will get in the shop and how who will end up looking at the window display. * Focus group: * This is when a group of people which are typical customers gather together and discuss the certain product or market and giving their views on the views on the quality of The product/service, the price and the material and also the product usage. Hence this method enables to business to know what its customers wants the most. This method is very cheap and also effective * phone interview: * This is a quick method off the customers. But bit can sometime not be too effective as some of the customers may not be bothered talking on phone hence tend to give a very short answer and straight to the point answer. This method is very cheap and also effective. But can sometimes be difficult to reach the target group.

Free Essays on A Retelling Of Noahs Ark

A Retelling of Noah’s Ark Timothy Findley’s Not Wanted on the Voyage is a creative retelling of the biblical story of Noah and his wife and their journey on the ark. He successfully creates a parody, a humorous form of social commentary and literary criticism in which one work imitates another, by taking the ancient tale of Noah’s ark and acquainting the reader with what happened in between the lines (www.dictionary.reference.com). He constructs a world that offers many intriguing possibilities to the accepted tale that in a sense create many thought provoking ideas and statements of how the world is and really was. The book is divided into four parts. Book One, the arrival and death of the novel’s God, Book Two details the building of the ark, Book Three the flood-associated trials, and Book Four the conclusion of the novel. Findley successfully develops his parody of Noah’s Ark through elements of exaggeration, shock, and ridicule. In the novel, authority is highly exaggerated with Noah’s authoritarian, hierarchical view of the world (Bailey 145). Noah’s severe ways are exercised greatly with his treatment of women. According to Noah women exist to serve the needs of God as well as himself and his sons (Bailey 132). Mrs Noyes, Hannah and Mottyl may have opinions and desires of their own but they must be subordinated to the authority of their husbands, fathers and lovers. Noah demonstrates his ill treatment of women when he kills Japeth’s brother who is born an ape-child, despite Mrs. Noyes’ pleas to let the baby live. Noah treats his wife with even more disingenuousness when he decides that his wife will live below the ark and she has no choice but to go. Noah is very cold-hearted and will treat his own wife horribly as long as his civilized paternal hierarchy is in order. Clearly, Noah’s authoritative ways are demonstrated through his nasty treatment of his wife. Noah’s passion for authority is als... Free Essays on A Retelling Of Noah's Ark Free Essays on A Retelling Of Noah's Ark A Retelling of Noah’s Ark Timothy Findley’s Not Wanted on the Voyage is a creative retelling of the biblical story of Noah and his wife and their journey on the ark. He successfully creates a parody, a humorous form of social commentary and literary criticism in which one work imitates another, by taking the ancient tale of Noah’s ark and acquainting the reader with what happened in between the lines (www.dictionary.reference.com). He constructs a world that offers many intriguing possibilities to the accepted tale that in a sense create many thought provoking ideas and statements of how the world is and really was. The book is divided into four parts. Book One, the arrival and death of the novel’s God, Book Two details the building of the ark, Book Three the flood-associated trials, and Book Four the conclusion of the novel. Findley successfully develops his parody of Noah’s Ark through elements of exaggeration, shock, and ridicule. In the novel, authority is highly exaggerated with Noah’s authoritarian, hierarchical view of the world (Bailey 145). Noah’s severe ways are exercised greatly with his treatment of women. According to Noah women exist to serve the needs of God as well as himself and his sons (Bailey 132). Mrs Noyes, Hannah and Mottyl may have opinions and desires of their own but they must be subordinated to the authority of their husbands, fathers and lovers. Noah demonstrates his ill treatment of women when he kills Japeth’s brother who is born an ape-child, despite Mrs. Noyes’ pleas to let the baby live. Noah treats his wife with even more disingenuousness when he decides that his wife will live below the ark and she has no choice but to go. Noah is very cold-hearted and will treat his own wife horribly as long as his civilized paternal hierarchy is in order. Clearly, Noah’s authoritative ways are demonstrated through his nasty treatment of his wife. Noah’s passion for authority is als...

The Meaning of Form Follows Function

The Meaning of 'Form Follows Function' Form follows function is an architectural phrase often heard, not well understood, and hotly discussed by students and designers for over a century. Who gave us the most famous phrase in architecture, and how did Frank Lloyd Wright expand its meaning? Key Takeaways The phrase form follows function was coined by architect Louis H. Sullivan in his 1896 essay The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered.The statement refers to the idea that a skyscrapers exterior design should reflect the different interior functions.The Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, and the Prudential Building in Buffalo, New York, are two examples of skyscrapers whose form follows their functions. Architect Louis Sullivan Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) helped pioneer the American skyscraper mainly in the Midwest, creating a Sullivanesque style that changed the face of architecture. Sullivan, one of the great figures in American architecture, influenced the language of the style of architecture that characterized what became known as the Chicago School. Often called Americas first truly modern architect, Sullivan argued that a tall buildings exterior design (form) should reflect the activities (functions) that take place inside its walls, represented by mechanical equipment, retail stores, and offices. His  1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, is an iconic showcase for Sullivans philosophy and design principles. Observe the terra cotta facade of this early steel frame tall building: The lower floors require a different natural lighting window configuration than the central seven floors of interior office space and the top attic area. The Wainwrights three-part architectural form is similar to partners Adler and Sullivans taller 1896 Prudential Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York, a similar form because these structures had similar functions. Prudential Guaranty in Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 The Rise of Skyscrapers The skyscraper was new in the 1890s. More dependable steel being made by the Bessemer process could be used for posts and beams. The strength of a steel framework allowed buildings to be taller without needing thick walls and flying buttresses. This framework was revolutionary, and Chicago School architects knew the world had changed. The U.S. after the Civil War had changed from rural to urban-centered, and steel became the building blocks of a new America. Tall buildings major use- office work, a byproduct of the Industrial Revolution- was a new function in need of a new urban architecture. Sullivan understood both the magnitude of this historical change in architecture and the possibility that beauty may be left behind in the rush to be the tallest and the newest. The design of the tall office building takes its place with all other architectural types made when architecture, as has happened once in many years, was a living art. Sullivan wanted to build beautiful buildings, like Greek temples and Gothic cathedrals. He set out to define principles of design in his 1896 essay, The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered, published the same year as the Prudential Guaranty Building rose tall in Buffalo. Sullivans legacy- besides instilling ideas in his young apprentice, Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)- was to document a design philosophy for multi-use buildings. Sullivan put his beliefs into words, ideas that continue to be discussed and debated today. Prudential Building, 1896, Buffalo, New York. Dacoslett/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 Form All things in nature have a shape, Sullivan said, that is to say, a form, an outward semblance, that tells us what they are, that distinguishes them from ourselves and from each other. That these shapes express the inner life of the thing is a law of nature, which should be followed in any organic architecture. Sullivan suggests that the exterior shell of the skyscraper should change in appearance to reflect interior functions. If this new organic architectural form was to be part of natural beauty, the buildings facade should change as each interior function changes. Function Common interior areas by function included mechanical utility rooms below grade, commercial areas in the lower floors, mid-story offices, and a top attic area generally used for storage and ventilation. Sullivans description of office space may have been organic and natural at first, but decades later many people mocked and ultimately rejected what they thought was Sullivans dehumanization, which he also expressed in The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered: an indefinite number of stories of offices piled tier upon tier, one tier just like another tier, one office just like all the other offices, an office being similar to a cell in a honey-comb, merely a compartment, nothing more The birth of the office was a profound event in American history, a milestone that affects us even today. Its not surprising, then, that Sullivans 1896 phrase form follows function has echoed through the ages, sometimes as an explanation, often as a solution, but always as a design idea expounded by one architect in the 19th century. Form and Function Are One Sullivan was a mentor to Wright, his young draftsman, who never forgot Sullivans lessons. As he did with Sullivans designs, Wright took the words of his lieber meister (dear master) and made them his own: Form and function are one. He came to believe that people were misusing Sullivans idea, reducing it to a dogmatic slogan and an excuse for foolish stylistic constructions. Sullivan used the phrase as a starting point, according to Wright. Beginning from within outward, the concept that Sullivans function within should describe the outward appearance, Wright asks, The ground already has form. Why not begin to give at once by accepting that? Why not give by accepting the gifts of nature? So what are the factors to consider in designing the exterior? Wrights answer is dogma for organic architecture; the climate, soil, building materials, type of labor used (machine-made or hand-crafted), the living human spirit that makes a building architecture. Wright never rejects Sullivans idea; he suggests that Sullivan didnt go far enough intellectually and spiritually. Less is only more where more is no good, Wright wrote. Form follows function is mere dogma until you realize the higher truth that form and function are one. Sources Gutheim, Frederick, editor. Frank Lloyd Wright on Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940). Grossets Universal Library, 1941.Sullivan, Louis H. The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered. Lippincotts Magazine, March 1896.Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Future of Architecture. New American Library, Horizon Press, 1953.